Similar to humans, aging pets commonly experience changes in cognitive function. Cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS), often likened to Alzheimer’s in humans, is a progressive condition that affects many senior pets, causing confusion, disorientation, and behavioral changes. This often misunderstood condition can leave pet parents feeling helpless as they watch their senior pet grapple with memory loss. While mental decline is a natural part of aging, understanding cognitive dysfunction and potential interventions can help make the process more comfortable for pets and their owners. Our Caring Hands Animal Hospital team dives into the topic of cognitive dysfunction and navigates the management challenges.

What is cognitive dysfunction syndrome in pets?

Cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS) is caused by gradual and degenerative age-related changes in the brain. As pets age, a protein called beta-amyloid builds up and creates toxic conditions for brain cells, including the neurons (i.e., the cells responsible for transmitting essential information throughout the body and regulating mental and physical interaction). The neurons deteriorate and stop functioning properly, diminishing the brain’s capacity for processing information. This communication breakdown leads to the physical and behavioral changes that owners see in their pets with cognitive dysfunction. All pets can develop cognitive dysfunction, but the syndrome is most often diagnosed in dogs.  

What are cognitive dysfunction signs in pets?

The acronym DISHAA is used to describe the clinical sign categories seen in pets with cognitive dysfunction. These include:

  • Disorientation — Behavior may include:
    • Appearing lost or confused in familiar environments
    • Getting stuck in corners or behind furniture
    • Staring at walls or into space
  • Abnormal interactions — You may notice:
    • Decreased responsiveness to family members
    • Decreased affection or interaction with other household pets
    • Increased irritability or aggression
  • Sleep cycle disturbances — Behavior may include:
    • Sleeping more overall
    • Sleeping less at night
    • Abnormal night time behaviors, such as vocalization and restlessness
  • House soiling — Signs may include:
    • Elimination in random indoor locations
    • Elimination in sleeping areas
    • Failure to signal the need to go outside
  • Activity changes — Behavior may include:
    • Decreased activity
    • Decreased interest in food
    • Repetitive behaviors
  • Anxiety — You may see:
    • Increased anxiety when left alone
    • Destructive behavior when left alone
    • Increased anxiety around other people and pets
  • Learning and memory changes — Behavior may include:
    • Failure to recognize familiar people or pets
    • Difficulty performing previously learned tasks
    • Failure to respond to verbal cues

How is cognitive dysfunction diagnosed and treated in pets?

To diagnose your pet’s cognitive dysfunction, your veterinarian will first rule out other conditions by performing a thorough physical exam and diagnostic testing. 

Are treatments available for cognitive dysfunction in pets?

While cognitive dysfunction cannot be cured, early diagnosis can slow disease progression. Treatments that can improve the quality of life for pets with CDS include:

  • Diet — Certain prescription diets are rich in antioxidants, fatty acids, and other nutrients that help support the brain. 
  • Medications — Selegiline hydrochloride (i.e., Anipryl), which is the only approved medication available for pets with CDS, may help improve healthy brain activity and control disease signs. Your veterinarian may also prescribe medications to address specific issues, such as anxiety.  
  • Supplements — Supplements can help promote brain health, reduce inflammation, and fight oxidative damage. Your veterinarian can recommend the most beneficial supplements for your pet. 

How can I support my pet’s cognitive function at home?

In addition to a veterinary-prescribed treatment plan, you can support your pet’s mind and slow cognitive dysfunction progression with the following:

  • Regular routine  — Consistent and predictable daily routines (e.g. feeding, exercising) can provide familiarity and help your pet feel safe.
  • Enrichment — Regular interaction, new experiences, mental challenges, and daily exercise can help stimulate your pet’s brain. 
  • Environmental modification — Pet ramps, baby gates, and secure fencing can prevent accidental falls, injury, and escape. Resources such as litter boxes, water and food bowls, and beds should be plentiful and easily accessible. 
  • Enhanced identification — Pets with cognitive dysfunction are at risk for wandering away and becoming lost. Microchip and tag identification are essential safety measures for these pets. 

As with any disease, the sooner you identify cognitive dysfunction signs, the sooner the condition can be treated. To discuss your pet’s cognitive, physical, or behavioral health, or to schedule a wellness exam, contact our Caring Hands Animal Hospital team.